ITGS
Deep Blue:
Deep Blue was a supercomputer, which was designed to play chess. IT features 480 chess playing processors, which is capable of evaluating more than 200 million moves per second, as well as processing thousands of grandmaster games which are pre-stored in the memory.
In 1996, Deep Blue lost to the world chess champion Gary Kasparov. Upon further upgrades, they had a rematch in 1997. Gary Kasparov won the first game, and lost in the second. The next three games were all draws. Deep Blue won the final game, as well as the match, becoming the first computer to beat reigning world chess champion. However, Gary Kasparov accused IBM, the group who made Deep Blue, of cheating by having a grandmaster took over during the match so that it does not make the same mistake.
Watson:
IBM also made the Watson computer in 2006. It is designed to answer questions written in natural language from a wide range or sources including the whole Wikipedia. The Watson computer responds to questions by using a combination of natural language processing and search to process thousands of possible answers. Each possible answer is further analyzed for confidence ratings.
In 2011, the Watson computer was given a test within a competition against two humans on a television show, “Jeopardy!” The Watson won each match by a significant margin, although there are occasional incorrect answers.
A Philosopher named John Searle has a concept called “The Chinese Room”. This concept deals with the machine intelligence, knowledge and understanding. In this concept, he described a room containing a person who only speaks English and many books. Within the books, there is every possible question that can be asked, as well as their answers right next to it, all written in Chinese language.
People would regularly come and slide questions under the door, containing questions written in Chinese. The person within the room will have to search within the books in order to find the answer to the question by matching the question and copying down the answer and slide the answer back through the door.
The person outside the room whom provided the question may assume that the person who answered the question is able to speak Chinese. John Searle argued that if a computer was to be replaced with the person and the books, it would have has the same effect. Therefore, Searle is stating that machines do not understand the information that it is processing like a human would, it is only able to provide them.
The Chinese Room
Artificial Examiners
This is a case study, which took place in the University of Buffalo, New York. Researchers have created software, which can read and grade exam papers. Although assessing multiple-choice answers are simple for a machine, Professor Sargar Srihari has created a system, which was tested on its ability to grade reading comprehension exams. The question for the exam was “How was Martha Washington’s role as First lady different from that of Eleanor Roosevelt?”
The system is programmed to look for key phrases and words, which are commonly found in papers given high grades by human examiners.
The system scanned the hand writing as input. It then process the hand written text into words it can understand. The system then will look for those key phrases before giving grades as output based upon the amount of the instanced of the key phrases.
The limitations of this includes the difficulty is translating the hand-written text s, as well as questions which involves evaluating, as key phrases would not be difficult to construct. This issue occurs with the difficulty of understanding context, as the system can only understand key phrases.
